The objective of this study was to evaluate the association of forage cactus with different fiber sources (elephant grass hay - EGH; corn straw - CS, hay of cassava shoots - HCS; fresh sugarcane bagasse - FSB; and hydrolyzed sugarcane bagasse - HSB) on the milk yield and composition and the feeding behavior of lactating Sindhi cows. Five cows with average body weight, average daily milk yield, and average daily 4%-fat-corrected milk yield of 265, 4.95 and 5.22 kg, respectively, were used in a 5 × 5 Latin square design. The effect of experimental diets on milk yield and composition, feeding time (FT), rumination time (RT), idle time, mean values of total chewing time (TCT), number of ruminal boli (NRB), number of rumination chews (NRC), and feed efficiency (FE) and rumination efficiency (RE) expressed as a function of DM and NDF were analyzed. Milk yield in kg/day and corrected to 4.0% fat from the animals that received cactus associated with CS were higher as compared with the treatment with hydrolyzed sugarcane bagasse. The milk composition variables were not influenced by the treatments, and nor were FT, RT, TCT, NRB and NC. Two patterns were observed for FE and RE, with higher efficiency of the diets with EGH, CS and HCS and lower efficiency for diets containing sugarcane bagasse. In this context, Sindhi cows fed forage cactus associated with corn straw, elephant grass hay, and hay of cassava shoots present better performance, feeding efficiency, and rumination responses than those fed forage cactus associated with fresh sugarcane bagasse and hydrolyzed sugarcane bagasse.

This experiment was carried to evaluate the effect of forage cactus with different fiber sources (elephant grass hay [EGH], corn straw [CS], hay of cassava shoots [HCS], fresh sugarcane bagasse [FSB], and hydrolyzed sugarcane bagasse [HSB]) on intake, apparent digestibility and macrobiotic protein production of cows. Five cows with 265 kg average body weight, 4.95 kg average daily milk yield and 5.22 kg 4% fat-corrected milk yield were randomly allocated to a 5 × 5 Latin square design. The animals fed cactus associated with CS, EGH and HCS showed higher intake of DM and nutrients. However, regarding the digestibility, diets with sugarcane bagasse showed higher digestibility compared with those with CS and hay. For microbial protein, the excretion of purine derivatives, synthesis of microbial N and microbial protein production were higher in the treatment with CS than in the treatment with sugarcane bagasse. On the other hand, the treatment with EGH and HCS did not have statistical differences compared with the other cases. The mean efficiency of microbial protein synthesis of the experiment was 131 g microbial crude protein/kg of TDN. The treatment with CS showed better efficiency; however, it was statistically superior only compared with FSB. The other treatments did not show statistical difference compared with the other cases. Diets with cactus associated with corn straw, hay of elephant grass or hay of cassava shoots provide higher intake of dry matter and nutrients and better metabolic response compared with diets with cactus associated with sugarcane bagasse for lactating Sindhi cows.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of increasing levels of crude protein (CP) in the diet (13, 15, 19 and 22 g/100 g of dry matter, DM) on the metabolism and ruminal parameters of crossbred heifers fed forage sugarcane. Four crossbred Holstein × Gir heifers of average initial weight of 200 kg and average age of 14 months were used. The experimental design was in a 4 × 4 latin square. The intake values of DM, organic matter (OM), neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and non-fibrous carbohydrates (NFC) were not affected by the protein contents of the diet. The apparent and ruminal digestibility of DM and OM were affected by the protein content of the diet. Greater total apparent digestibility coefficient of CP (0.749) was observed for the content of 22 g CP/100 g DM, whereas the ruminal digestibility of CP was not affected by treatments. The efficiency of microbial protein synthesis was not different between the CP contents of the diet. There was increasing linear effect of the CP content in the diet on the plasma concentration of urea. The rumen pH of the heifers was similar between treatments, with an average of 6.3. The concentration of rumen ammonia nitrogen was affected by the protein content of the diet, with the highest averages at 22 and 19 CP/100 g DM (27.5 and 31.6 mg/dL); an average of 21.1 mg/dL in the diet with 15 g CP/100 g DM; and the lowest average observed in the diet containing 13 g CP/100 g DM, 14.0 mg/dL. It is recommended to use 13 g CP/100 g DM in the diet for crossbred Holstein × Gir heifers in the post-weaning phase consuming diets based on sugarcane, because this level promotes increase in the digestibility of the diet and lower concentrations of plasma urea nitrogen and ammonia nitrogen, showing better animal metabolism, in addition to a possible decrease in the cost of the diet.

Utilizaram-se nove novilhos Nelore fistulados no rúmen mantidos em nove piquetes de capim-marandu (Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu) sob suplementação diária (sete vezes por semana); de segunda a sexta-feira (cinco vezes por semana); ou às segundas, quartas e sextas-feiras (três vezes por semana). Amostras de líquido ruminal foram coletadas em dois dias: um dia em que todos os animais receberam suplemento (dia 1) e outro subsequente, no qual somente os animais sob suplementação diária receberam suplemento (dia 2). A frequência de suplementação não alterou a ingestão de matéria seca de forragem, a ingestão de matéria seca total e a digestibilidade total da matéria seca. As variáveis foram afetadas somente pelo período, com redução significativa do mês de março para o mês de maio. A frequência de suplementação não afetou o pH ruminal. Para N-NH3 ruminal, observou-se interação frequência de suplementação X dia de coleta X horário de coleta. No dia 1 a concentração de N-NH3 não diferiu entre os horários após a suplementação entre os animais sob suplementação diária, enquanto no dia 2 houve um pico de produção de N-NH3 3 horas após a suplementação. Entre os animais sob suplementação cinco vezes por semana, a diferença entre os dias 1 e 2 foi ocasionada pelo tempo 12 do dia 2 (7 mg/dL). Na suplementação três vezes por semana, no dia 1 o pico de N-NH3 ocorreu 3 a 9 horas após a suplementação. A frequência de suplementação afetou somente a concentração de AGCC totais no dia 1 e a concentração de ácido butírico no dia 2. O mês do ano não afeta o pH e a concentração de N-NH3, mas os AGCC diminuem significativamente do mês de março para o mês de maio.

Nine ruminally fistulated Nellore steers were located in nine paddocks of palisade grass (Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu) pasture under daily supplementation (seven times per week), from Monday to Friday (five times per week) or Monday, Wednesday and Friday (three times per week). Ruminal fluid was sampled on two consecutive days. On the first day, all the animals that were supplemented (D1) and other subsequent day in which only for the animals under daily supplementation received the supplement (D2). The supplementation frequency did not affect the forage DMI, total DMI and DMD. The DMI and DMD were influenced by the experimental period, with reduction from March to May. Ruminal pH was not affected by the supplementation frequency. Supplementation frequency X collection day X collection hour interaction was observed for ruminal NH3-N. No difference in the D1 was observed in NH3-N concentration among the hours after supplementation in the daily supplementation frequency, while in the D2 there was a peak of NH3-N production 3 hours after supplementation. Among the animals under five times per week supplementation, the difference between D1 and D2 was due to the time 12 of the D2 (7 mg/dL). In the three times per week, the NH3-N concentration in D1 peaked at 3-9 hours after supplementation. The supplementation frequency only affected total SCFA concentration in the D1 and butyric acid concentration in the D2. The month of the year did not affect the ruminal pH and NH3-N concentration. However, the SCFA concentration was significantly reduced from March to May.

O experimento foi realizado com os objetivos de avaliar a técnica de n-alcanos para estimar o consumo e a digestibilidade da MS em ovinos e definir a estratégia de coleta de fezes e os alcanos internos a serem utilizados no cálculos. Vinte ovinos foram distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado e alimentados com dietas formuladas com diferentes proporções de amendoim forrageiro (Arachis pintoi Koprov & Gregory cv. Amarillo) e braquiária decumbens [Urochloa decumbens (Stapf), Webster] (0, 15, 30, 45 e 60% de amendoim forrageiro, base da MS). O período experimental teve duração de 18 dias, dez de adaptação à dieta, três para administração do indicador externo (C32 em péletes de celulose) e cinco de coleta de fezes. As fezes foram coletadas seis vezes ao dia (9, 13, 17, 21, 1 e 5h), diretamente no reto do animal. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância e as comparações das médias estimadas aos valores reais foram feitas utilizando-se o teste t a 5% de significância. Para determinação da digestibilidade aparente da MS, os animais foram equipados com bolsas coletoras de fezes. O consumo foi calculado utilizando-se os alcanos internos C31 e C33 isoladamente ou em conjunto. Para o cálculo da digestibilidade da MS, foram utilizados os alcanos internos C33 a C35. Para obtenção de estimativas adequadas de digestibilidade, é necessária a correção para os valores de recuperação fecal dos indicadores internos, observando-se que os melhores resultados foram obtidos quando se utilizou o alcano interno C33 nos cálculos. Para estimar o consumo de MS, devem-se utilizar, de forma conjunta nos cálculos, os alcanos internos C31 e C33, sem necessidade de correção para recuperação fecal, podendo-se coletar uma única amostra de fezes por animal por dia, pela manhã (9 h) ou à tarde (13 h).

The objective of this trial was to use n-alkanes to estimate dry matter intake (DMI) and DM digestibility in sheep. It was also of particular interest to compare two methodologies of fecal collection (total collection vs. grab samples) as well as to identify which n-alkanes best estimate DMI and DM digestibility. Twenty animals were assigned to a completely randomized design and were fed diets containing different proportions of forage peanut (Arachis pintoi Koprov & Gregory cv. Amarillo) and signalgrass hays [Brachiaria decumbens, (Stapf), Webster] (0, 15, 30, 45 and 60% of forage peanut; DM basis). The experiment lasted 18 days with 10 days for diet adaptation, three days for marker administration (C32 in cellulose pellets), and five days for fecal collection. Data were submitted to analysis of variance and observed and estimated means were compared by t test. Fecal grab samples were collected six times daily at 4 hours intervals (9:00, 13:00, 17:00, 21:00, 01:00 and 05:00) for five consecutive days. The internal alkanes C31, C33, and C31 + C33 were used for estimating DMI while DM digestibility was estimated by C33, C35, and C33 + C35. Results showed that reliable estimation of DM digestibility was obtained by using the internal alkane C33 corrected for fecal recovery. The combination of the internal alkanes C31 + C33 resulted in the best estimation of DMI with no need for fecal recovery correction. In addition, only one daily fecal grab sample (9 h or 13 h) was necessary to accurately estimate DMI.

O experimento foi conduzido com o objetivo de avaliar o ganho médio diário (GMD), número de animais.dia/ha e o ganho de peso vivo (GPV)/ha em uma pastagem de capim-Tanzânia (Panicum maximum Jacq.), diferida em diferentes alturas no outono e após manejada em distintas situações de alturas de pasto, no período do inverno. O delineamento experimental usado foi o inteiramente casualizado. Os tratamentos eram quatro alturas de pasto: T1=20, T2=40, T3=60 e T4=80 cm. No entanto, na análise estatística foram utilizadas as alturas médias de pasto, mantidas em cada unidade experimental, quais sejam: T20R1=26,3, T20R2=24,6, T40R1=47,9, T40R2=42,5, T60R1=55,8, T60R2=61,7, T80R1=69,2 e T80R2=71,4 cm. As diferentes alturas de pasto foram mantidas com o método das lotações contínuas e das cargas variáveis. O GMD reduziu com a elevação da altura da superfície do pasto. Não houve relação significativa entre as diferentes alturas de pasto com o GPV/ha e o número de animais.dia/ha. Os resultados mostram que pastagens de capim-Tanzânia, na região noroeste do Paraná, diferidas após o período reprodutivo, devem ser utilizadas em alturas de pasto de 40 a 60 cm.

The experiment was conducted to evaluate the average daily liveweight gain (ADLG), number of animal.days/ha (AD/ha) and liveweight gain/ha (LG/ha), in a Tanzaniagrass pasture deferred in different sward heights in the autumn and after managed in different sward height conditions, during the winter period. A completely randomized design was used. The treatments were four levels of sward height: T1=20, T2=40, T3=60 and T4=80 cm. However, the average sward height levels maintained in a pasture was used for the statistical analysis, and these were: T20R1 = 26.3, T20R2 = 24.6, T40R1 = 47.9, T40R2 = 42.5, T60R1 = 55.8, T60R2 = 61.7, T80R1 = 69.2 and T80R2 = 71.4 cm. The different sward heights were maintained under continuous stocking method and variable stocking rate. The ADLG decreased as the sward height levels increased. There was no effect of sward height with LG/ha and number of animal.days/ha. The results showed that Tanzaniagrass pastures in the northwest region of Paraná, deferred after reproductive phase, could be used in 40 to 60 cm of sward height.